fix: harden gossip, HLC restarts, watcher races, MCP args, pagination

- gossip: validate push batches (4 MiB / 1000-row caps); reject rows
  claiming the local node id (vector-poisoning), empty ids, negative HCLs
- gossip: reconcile derived state after pulls (pulls only append to the
  observation log, so entry-count comparison could never trigger it)
- hlc: seek clock from persisted MAX(hcl) at Open so a restart with a
  regressed wall clock cannot reissue values (locator/cursor safety)
- db: serialize writers via BEGIN IMMEDIATE DSN, single conn per pool,
  and a per-KnoxDB mutex around RecordObservation's dedup
- watch: atomic ticker guards (was a cross-goroutine data race),
  trailing-edge per-path debounce, recursive directory watches,
  rename re-ingest, remove cancels pending ingests
- mcp: strict argument validation (no silent clamping), thread existence
  checks before writes, nil-safe golden-thread tool
- cli: --page 0 no longer panics; query/recent pagination actually pages
- tests: hlc SeekTo monotonicity, concurrent dedup race, push validation,
  batch caps, idempotency on observation counts

internal/watch/gossip.go

@@ -98,10 +98,16 @@ func nextCursor(rows []db.GossipObservation) int64 {
 	return rows[len(rows)-1].HCL
 }
 
+// maxBatchRows bounds the number of observations a peer may push in one POST.
+// Pull already pages at 500 rows, so any larger batch is at best redundant and
+// at worst a flood; capping keeps memory and insert work bounded.
+const maxBatchRows = 1000
+
 func (n *Node) handleBatch(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	r.Body = http.MaxBytesReader(w, r.Body, 4<<20) // 4 MiB
 	body, err := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
 	if err != nil {
-		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+		http.Error(w, "batch too large or unreadable", http.StatusBadRequest)
 		return
 	}
 	var rows []db.GossipObservation
@@ -109,6 +115,10 @@ func (n *Node) handleBatch(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		http.Error(w, "bad json: "+err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
 		return
 	}
+	if len(rows) > maxBatchRows {
+		http.Error(w, fmt.Sprintf("batch too large: %d rows (max %d)", len(rows), maxBatchRows), http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
 	inserted, err := n.Kdb.PushObservations(rows)
 	if err != nil {
 		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -273,7 +283,7 @@ func (c *Client) Diff() (*DiffSummary, error) {
 // node pulls/pushes directly with every other node it learns about.
 //
 // m, when non-nil, receives gossip event counters (nil for one-shot CLI runs).
-func Run(kdb *db.KnoxDB, m *metrics.Metrics, static []string) {
+func Run(kdb *db.KnoxDB, m *metrics.Metrics, static []string) int {
 	myID := kdb.NodeID()
 
 	// Seed the work queue with static config plus persisted discoveries.
@@ -284,6 +294,7 @@ func Run(kdb *db.KnoxDB, m *metrics.Metrics, static []string) {
 
 	seen := make(map[string]bool) // addr → handled (also suppresses self)
 	queue := 0
+	pulledTotal := 0
 	for queue < len(work) {
 		addr := strings.TrimSpace(work[queue])
 		queue++
@@ -338,6 +349,7 @@ func Run(kdb *db.KnoxDB, m *metrics.Metrics, static []string) {
 				pulled += n
 			}
 		}
+		pulledTotal += pulled
 		if m != nil {
 			m.IncrementPull(pulled)
 		}
@@ -356,6 +368,7 @@ func Run(kdb *db.KnoxDB, m *metrics.Metrics, static []string) {
 			log.Printf("[gossip] synced with %s (%s): in sync (pushed %d)", p.NodeID, addr, pushed)
 		}
 	}
+	return pulledTotal
 }
 
 func kdbVectorGet(kdb *db.KnoxDB, nodeID string) int64 {

internal/watch/gossip_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 package watch
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/david/knox/internal/db"
@@ -228,16 +232,116 @@ func TestGossipIdempotent(t *testing.T) {
 	defer sb.Close()
 
 	Run(b, nil, []string{sa.URL})
-	before, err := b.EntryCount()
+	entryBefore, err := b.EntryCount()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
+	stats, err := b.Stats()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	obsBefore, _ := stats["total_observations"].(int)
+
 	Run(b, nil, []string{sa.URL})
-	after, err := b.EntryCount()
+
+	entryAfter, err := b.EntryCount()
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if before != after {
-		t.Errorf("second sweep changed entry count: %d -> %d", before, after)
+	if entryBefore != entryAfter {
+		t.Errorf("second sweep changed entry count: %d -> %d", entryBefore, entryAfter)
+	}
+	stats, err = b.Stats()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	obsAfter, _ := stats["total_observations"].(int)
+	if obsBefore != obsAfter {
+		t.Errorf("second sweep duplicated observations: %d -> %d", obsBefore, obsAfter)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleBatchRejectsOversizedBatch: more than maxBatchRows in one POST
+// must be refused up front, before any insert work.
+func TestHandleBatchRejectsOversizedBatch(t *testing.T) {
+	b := tmpKnoxDB(t)
+	node := &Node{Kdb: b, Name: "B"}
+	sv := httptest.NewServer(node.Handler())
+	defer sv.Close()
+
+	rows := make([]db.GossipObservation, maxBatchRows+1)
+	for i := range rows {
+		rows[i] = db.GossipObservation{
+			NodeID: "0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef", HCL: int64(i + 1),
+			Fingerprint: "fp:oversized", SourceID: "test", Title: "t", Summary: "s",
+			CollectedAt: "2026-08-29T00:00:00Z",
+		}
+	}
+	body, _ := json.Marshal(rows)
+	resp, err := http.Post(sv.URL+"/v1/obs/batch", "application/json", bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("post: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Errorf("oversized batch: want 400, got %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleBatchRejectsHugeBody: an oversized body (beyond the 4 MiB cap)
+// must be refused even when the row count is small.
+func TestHandleBatchRejectsHugeBody(t *testing.T) {
+	b := tmpKnoxDB(t)
+	node := &Node{Kdb: b, Name: "B"}
+	sv := httptest.NewServer(node.Handler())
+	defer sv.Close()
+
+	rows := []db.GossipObservation{{
+		NodeID: "0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef", HCL: 1,
+		Fingerprint: "fp:huge", SourceID: "test", Title: "t",
+		Summary: strings.Repeat("x", 5<<20), // 5 MiB summary
+		CollectedAt: "2026-08-29T00:00:00Z",
+	}}
+	body, _ := json.Marshal(rows)
+	resp, err := http.Post(sv.URL+"/v1/obs/batch", "application/json", bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("post: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Errorf("huge body: want 400, got %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestHandleBatchSkipsSelfRows: rows claiming the receiver's own node_id are
+// dropped at the HTTP layer too (the poisoning vector), reported as conflicts.
+func TestHandleBatchSkipsSelfRows(t *testing.T) {
+	b := tmpKnoxDB(t)
+	node := &Node{Kdb: b, Name: "B"}
+	sv := httptest.NewServer(node.Handler())
+	defer sv.Close()
+
+	rows := []db.GossipObservation{
+		{NodeID: b.NodeID(), HCL: 1, Fingerprint: "fp:self1", SourceID: "test", Title: "t", Summary: "s", CollectedAt: "2026-08-29T00:00:00Z"},
+		{NodeID: b.NodeID(), HCL: 2, Fingerprint: "fp:self2", SourceID: "test", Title: "t", Summary: "s", CollectedAt: "2026-08-29T00:00:00Z"},
+	}
+	body, _ := json.Marshal(rows)
+	resp, err := http.Post(sv.URL+"/v1/obs/batch", "application/json", bytes.NewReader(body))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("post: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("want 200, got %d", resp.StatusCode)
+	}
+	var out struct {
+		Accepted int `json:"accepted"`
+		Conflict int `json:"conflict"`
+	}
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Accepted != 0 || out.Conflict != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("self rows: want accepted=0 conflict=2, got accepted=%d conflict=%d", out.Accepted, out.Conflict)
 	}
 }

internal/watch/watch.go

@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
 package watch
 
 import (
+	"io/fs"
 	"log"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/david/knox/internal/db"
@@ -28,6 +31,44 @@ type Watcher struct {
 	metrics       *metrics.Metrics
 }
 
+// fileDebouncer schedules one ingest per path a settle-window after the last
+// relevant event (trailing edge): writers that emit bursts (multi-write appends,
+// atomic save = temp-write + rename) settle before anything is read, so a
+// partial file is never recorded as final state. Timers are removed once they
+// fire, keeping the map bounded by recently-active paths.
+type fileDebouncer struct {
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+	timers map[string]*time.Timer
+}
+
+func newFileDebouncer() *fileDebouncer {
+	return &fileDebouncer{timers: make(map[string]*time.Timer)}
+}
+
+func (d *fileDebouncer) schedule(path string, delay time.Duration, fn func(string)) {
+	d.mu.Lock()
+	defer d.mu.Unlock()
+	if t, ok := d.timers[path]; ok {
+		t.Stop()
+	}
+	d.timers[path] = time.AfterFunc(delay, func() {
+		d.mu.Lock()
+		delete(d.timers, path)
+		d.mu.Unlock()
+		fn(path)
+	})
+}
+
+// cancel drops any pending ingest for path (e.g. the file was deleted).
+func (d *fileDebouncer) cancel(path string) {
+	d.mu.Lock()
+	defer d.mu.Unlock()
+	if t, ok := d.timers[path]; ok {
+		t.Stop()
+		delete(d.timers, path)
+	}
+}
+
 func New(kdb *db.KnoxDB, dirs []string) *Watcher {
 	// Detect Obsidian vault
 	vault, _ := ingest.DetectObsidianVault()
@@ -86,17 +127,13 @@ func (w *Watcher) Start() error {
 		log.Printf("[knox] obsidian vault: %s", w.vault)
 	}
 
-	debounceMap := make(map[string]time.Time)
+	debounce := newFileDebouncer()
 	browserTicker := time.NewTicker(browserInterval)
 	giteaTicker := time.NewTicker(10 * time.Minute)
 	gitTicker := time.NewTicker(10 * time.Minute)
 	threadTicker := time.NewTicker(10 * time.Minute)
 	gossipTicker := time.NewTicker(gossipInterval)
-	browserRunning := false
-	giteaRunning := false
-	gitRunning := false
-	threadRunning := false
-	gossipRunning := false
+	var browserRunning, giteaRunning, gitRunning, threadRunning, gossipRunning atomic.Bool
 
 	for {
 		select {
@@ -104,63 +141,76 @@ func (w *Watcher) Start() error {
 			if !ok {
 				return nil
 			}
-			if !w.isRelevantEvent(event) {
-				continue
+
+			// fsnotify is non-recursive: files appearing inside newly created
+			// subdirectories would otherwise be invisible to the daemon.
+			isDir := false
+			if event.Has(fsnotify.Create) {
+				if info, err := os.Stat(event.Name); err == nil && info.IsDir() {
+					isDir = true
+					if err := watcher.Add(event.Name); err != nil {
+						log.Printf("[knox] cannot watch new dir %s: %v", event.Name, err)
+					} else {
+						log.Printf("[knox] watching new dir %s", event.Name)
+					}
+				}
 			}
 
-			now := time.Now()
-			if last, ok := debounceMap[event.Name]; ok && now.Sub(last) < w.debounce {
+			if event.Has(fsnotify.Remove) {
+				// Drop any pending ingest for a deleted file. (No tombstone is
+				// written yet — the entry lingers until reconcile/prune.)
+				debounce.cancel(event.Name)
+				continue
+			}
+			if isDir || !w.isRelevantEvent(event) {
 				continue
 			}
-			debounceMap[event.Name] = now
 
 			trigger := eventOpName(event.Op)
 			log.Printf("[knox] %s %s", trigger, filepath.Base(event.Name))
-			w.ingestFile(event.Name, trigger)
+			name := event.Name
+			debounce.schedule(name, w.debounce, func(path string) {
+				w.ingestFile(path, trigger)
+			})
 
 		case <-browserTicker.C:
-			if browserRunning {
+			if !browserRunning.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
 				continue
 			}
-			browserRunning = true
 			go func() {
-				defer func() { browserRunning = false }()
+				defer browserRunning.Store(false)
 				w.ingestBrowserHistory()
 			}()
 		case <-giteaTicker.C:
-			if giteaRunning {
+			if !giteaRunning.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
 				continue
 			}
-			giteaRunning = true
 			go func() {
-				defer func() { giteaRunning = false }()
+				defer giteaRunning.Store(false)
 				w.ingestGitea()
 			}()
 		case <-gitTicker.C:
-			if gitRunning {
+			if !gitRunning.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
 				continue
 			}
-			gitRunning = true
 			go func() {
-				defer func() { gitRunning = false }()
+				defer gitRunning.Store(false)
 				w.ingestGit()
 			}()
 		case <-threadTicker.C:
-			if threadRunning {
+			if !threadRunning.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
 				continue
 			}
-			threadRunning = true
 			go func() {
-				defer func() { threadRunning = false }()
+				defer threadRunning.Store(false)
 				w.autoThread()
 			}()
 		case <-gossipTicker.C:
-			if gossipRunning {
+			if !gossipRunning.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
 				continue
 			}
-			gossipRunning = true
 			go func() {
-				defer func() { gossipRunning = false }()
+				defer gossipRunning.Store(false)
 				w.syncGossip()
 			}()
 
@@ -175,44 +225,38 @@ func (w *Watcher) Start() error {
 
 func (w *Watcher) seed(watcher *fsnotify.Watcher) {
 	for _, dir := range w.dirs {
-		abs, _ := filepath.Abs(dir)
-		if err := watcher.Add(abs); err != nil {
-			log.Printf("[knox] cannot watch %s: %v", abs, err)
-			continue
+		if err := w.watchTree(watcher, dir); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[knox] cannot watch %s: %v", dir, err)
 		}
-		log.Printf("[knox] watching %s", abs)
 	}
 
-	// Watch Obsidian vault
+	// Watch Obsidian vault (every subdirectory, non-recursively mirrored)
 	if w.vault != "" {
-		if err := watcher.Add(w.vault); err != nil {
+		if err := w.watchTree(watcher, w.vault); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("[knox] cannot watch obsidian vault %s: %v", w.vault, err)
-		} else {
-			log.Printf("[knox] watching %s (obsidian)", w.vault)
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Seed existing files
-	for _, ing := range w.fileIngesters {
-		for _, dir := range w.dirs {
-			patterns := []string{
-				filepath.Join(dir, "*"),
-				filepath.Join(dir, "*", "SKILL.md"),
+	// Seed existing files anywhere under the watched dirs. fsnotify watches the
+	// whole tree, so live events cover any depth; this walk covers startup so
+	// pre-existing nested files (e.g. skills at two+ levels) are indexed too.
+	for _, dir := range w.dirs {
+		_ = filepath.WalkDir(dir, func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+			if err != nil || d.IsDir() {
+				return nil // skip unreadable entries; dirs are handled by the watch
 			}
-			for _, pattern := range patterns {
-				entries, _ := filepath.Glob(pattern)
-				for _, path := range entries {
-					if !MatchesIngester(path, ing.SourceID()) {
-						continue
-					}
+			for _, ing := range w.fileIngesters {
+				if MatchesIngester(path, ing.SourceID()) {
 					w.ingestFileWith(path, ing, "seed")
+					return nil
 				}
 			}
-		}
+			return nil
+		})
 	}
 
 	// Seed Obsidian notes via the full walk: skips dot-dirs (.trash, .obsidian)
-	// and covers all depths — glob patterns would match dot-dirs and miss depth >2.
+	// and covers all depths.
 	if w.vault != "" {
 		if notes, err := ingest.NewObsidianIngester(w.vault).IngestAll(); err == nil {
 			for _, r := range notes {
@@ -222,6 +266,39 @@ func (w *Watcher) seed(watcher *fsnotify.Watcher) {
 	}
 }
 
+// watchTree adds a directory and every non-hidden subdirectory to the watcher,
+// mirroring fsnotify's non-recursive API with an explicit walk. Hidden
+// directories (.git, .obsidian, .trash) are skipped so their churn doesn't burn
+// inotify watches.
+func (w *Watcher) watchTree(watcher *fsnotify.Watcher, root string) error {
+	rootAbs, err := filepath.Abs(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := watcher.Add(rootAbs); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	log.Printf("[knox] watching %s", rootAbs)
+	return filepath.WalkDir(rootAbs, func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if !d.IsDir() {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if path != rootAbs && strings.HasPrefix(d.Name(), ".") {
+			return filepath.SkipDir
+		}
+		if path == rootAbs {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if err := watcher.Add(path); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("[knox] cannot watch %s: %v", path, err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
 func (w *Watcher) ingestFile(path, trigger string) {
 	for _, ing := range w.fileIngesters {
 		if MatchesIngester(path, ing.SourceID()) {
@@ -456,29 +533,23 @@ func (w *Watcher) syncGossip() {
 		return
 	}
 
-	before := 0
-	if n, err := w.knoxDB.EntryCount(); err == nil {
-		before = n
-	}
+	pulled := Run(w.knoxDB, w.metrics, peers)
 
-	Run(w.knoxDB, w.metrics, peers)
-
-	// If new observations arrived, reconcile to pick up entries/threads they
-	// imply (deterministic log → derived rebuild).
-	if after, err := w.knoxDB.EntryCount(); err == nil && after > before {
+	// A pull only appends to the observation log; the entries cache and
+	// auto-threads are derived state that reconcile rebuilds. Comparing entry
+	// counts can never trigger this (pushes/pulls never touch entries directly),
+	// so reconcile fires on the sweep's newly-inserted observation count.
+	if pulled > 0 {
 		created, linked, err := Reconcile(w.knoxDB)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Printf("[knox] gossip reconcile: %v", err)
 			return
 		}
-		log.Printf("[knox] gossip reconcile done: %d created, %d linked", created, linked)
+		log.Printf("[knox] gossip reconcile done: %d created, %d linked after pulling %d obs", created, linked, pulled)
 	}
 }
 
 func (w *Watcher) isRelevantEvent(event fsnotify.Event) bool {
-	if event.Has(fsnotify.Remove) || event.Has(fsnotify.Rename) {
-		return false
-	}
 	name := filepath.Base(event.Name)
 	// Opencode session diffs and logs
 	if strings.HasPrefix(name, "ses_") || strings.HasSuffix(name, ".log") {
@@ -512,6 +583,8 @@ func eventOpName(op fsnotify.Op) string {
 		return "inotify:WRITE"
 	case op.Has(fsnotify.Chmod):
 		return "inotify:CHMOD"
+	case op.Has(fsnotify.Rename):
+		return "inotify:RENAME"
 	default:
 		return "inotify:UNKNOWN"
 	}